Local Laws in South Korea: What You Need to Know Beyond K-pop and K-dramas

While K-pop and K-dramas have made South Korea internationally famous, its local laws often remain little known. Yet, understanding South Korean legislation is essential for any visitor or expatriate. This guide reveals the country’s administrative organization, the legality of prostitution, tobacco rules, fines, the death penalty, and much more.

Administrative Organization: Regional Autonomy or National Control?

South Korea is divided into several administrative levels:

• 9 provinces (including two with special status and one special autonomous province, Jeju)

• 6 metropolitan cities

• 2 special cities (Seoul and Sejong)

Each regional entity (province, metropolitan city, special city) has a certain degree of autonomy, notably through local elections for mayors or governors. However, defense, justice, and foreign affairs remain under the control of the central government. Jeju Island has special autonomous status, with its own tax, police, and local ordinances, but no control over justice or national defense.

Fines and Regulations: Smoking, Littering, Vaping

Smoking on the street: It is possible to smoke or vape on the street, except in certain strictly defined areas. Vaping is allowed outdoors but prohibited in enclosed public places and on public transport.

Fines for littering cigarette butts:

• 1st offense: 100,000 won (about $76 USD)

• 2nd offense: 150,000 won (about $114 USD)

• 3rd offense and beyond: 200,000 won (about $152 USD)

In Seoul, the fine could be quadrupled under new measures.

Smoking in South Korea: A Reinforced Fight in 2025

In 2025, South Korea continues its tobacco reduction policy, aiming for a prevalence of less than 5% of the population by 2030.

Despite a significant decrease in the number of smokers in recent years, the country maintains strict vigilance on tobacco consumption in public spaces and establishments open to the public.

Campaigns against passive smoking are multiplying, and signage in workplaces, stations, platforms, and government offices reminds people of the smoking ban in most collective spaces. Public action relies on increasingly strict anti-tobacco legislation, especially in schools and areas frequented by minors.

Tobacco Control and Smoke-Free Legislation in South Korea: Protecting Public Health

South Korea has become a leading example in Asia for its robust tobacco control and smoke-free legislation.

Driven by growing awareness of the health risks associated with cigarette-smoking and secondhand smoke, the country has implemented a series of ordinances and policies aimed at creating a tobacco-free environment for both smokers and non-smokers.

Strong Ordinances and Enforcement

Over the past decade, South Korea has passed a range of ordinances prohibiting smoking in public places. These laws target both traditional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, reflecting the evolving landscape of the tobacco industry.

Smoking in public places, including restaurants, cafes, schools, and public transport, is now widely banned. The enforcement of these bans is strict, and violators can be fined or even face misdemeanor convictions for repeated offenses.

The Impact of Secondhand Smoke

The harmful effects of secondhand smoke are a central concern for public health authorities.

The Surgeon-General and world health experts have repeatedly warned about the dangers of both direct and second-hand exposure to cigarette smoke.

Studies have shown that secondhand-smoke increases the risk of respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and cancer among non-smokers, especially children and the elderly. As a result, smoke-free legislation is seen as a crucial step in reducing these health risks.

Tobacco-Free Initiatives and Public Awareness

South Korea’s tobacco-free initiatives extend beyond legislation. Public health campaigns highlight the dangers of smoking and secondhand-smoke, encouraging smokers to quit and supporting cessation programs.

Free law clinics and support groups offer resources for quitting, while the government collaborates with world health organizations to ensure best practices are followed.

The Role of the Tobacco Industry

Despite the efforts of tobacco companies to market their products, South Korea has remained firm in its commitment to tobacco control.

Advertising restrictions, plain packaging, and public education campaigns have all contributed to a decline in smoking rates. The tobacco industry faces increasing scrutiny, with authorities monitoring for any violations of advertising or sales regulations.

Creating a Smoke-Free Society

The ultimate goal of South Korea’s tobacco control strategy is to create a smoke-free society. By banning smoking in public places and enforcing strict penalties for violations, the country aims to protect the indoor air quality and overall health of its citizens.

Non-smokers are now better protected from the harmful effects of cigarette smoke, and smokers are encouraged to seek help to quit.

South Korea’s approach to tobacco control demonstrates how strong legislation, public awareness, and effective enforcement can work together to reduce the health risks associated with cigarette-smoking and secondhand smoke. As more countries look to adopt similar smoke-free legislation, South Korea stands as a model for creating a healthier, tobacco-free future for all.

E-cigarettes and Vaping: Regulation and Designated Spaces

E-cigarettes are subject to specific regulations in South Korea. Vaping is allowed in some outdoor public spaces, but a ban applies in many workplaces, public establishments, public transport, and enclosed spaces. Smoking areas are clearly marked, often with distinct signage for vaping.

Local authorities ensure these bans are enforced, especially in stations, schools, and collective use areas. Designated spaces help limit exposure to passive smoking, especially in places open to the public.

Fines and Anti-Tobacco Actions: Increasing Pressure

The South Korean government has recently proposed to significantly increase fines for tobacco-related offenses and littering in public spaces. In Seoul, fines for littering cigarette butts on platforms or in public spaces can reach up to 200,000 won (about $152 USD) in case of repeat offenses.

This measure aims to strengthen anti-tobacco policy and protect the urban environment, as cigarette butts are a major cause of fires and drainage system blockages. Local authorities play a key role in implementing these bans, increasing signage and controls in public places and government offices.

Public Spaces and Collective Use: Towards a Smoke-Free Society

South Korea draws inspiration from international best practices to reduce tobacco use in public spaces. The smoking ban now covers almost all establishments open to the public, from schools to stations, including government offices and collective spaces.

Anti-tobacco policies encourage the creation of isolated smoking areas and limit passive smoking. Public information and signage are reinforced, with regular campaigns reminding people of the dangers of cigarettes and passive smoking. Local authorities adapt bans according to territorial specifics, while relying on an increasingly strict national framework.

The Future of Anti-Tobacco Efforts in South Korea

With the continuous decline in the number of smokers, South Korea is betting on regulatory innovation and the mobilization of public actors to achieve a smoke-free generation. Tobacco and e-cigarette use in public places is increasingly regulated, and penalties for non-compliance are becoming harsher.

Collective cigarette use is now limited to clearly identified spaces, while awareness of passive smoking remains a priority for public establishments and government offices.

The South Korean anti-tobacco dynamic illustrates the will to combine public action, territorial regulation, and citizen involvement for a healthier society and respect for public spaces.

Prostitution: Legality and Reality

Prostitution is illegal in South Korea. Despite this ban, sex trafficking and exploitation exist, often clandestinely.

The South Korean government is regularly criticized for its lack of effectiveness in combating human trafficking and forced prostitution. Several scandals have highlighted the involvement of public figures and officials in these networks.

Prostitution in South Korea: Laws and Penalties

Prostitution is strictly illegal in South Korea, for both clients and sex workers. Since the special law of 2004, any sexual transaction for payment is forbidden and subject to criminal penalties. The Constitutional Court has confirmed that punishing voluntary prostitution is consistent with the Constitution, considering that public order and morality take precedence over individual freedom in this area.

Penalties:

• Up to 1 year in prison or a maximum fine of 3 million won (about $2,300 USD) for both clients and prostitutes.

• Pimps and network operators face heavier penalties, up to 10 years in prison depending on the severity.

• Convicted individuals may also be subject to reintegration programs or social support measures, especially in Seoul, where financial aid and training are offered to help people leave prostitution.

Despite the severity of the law, prostitution remains present, often clandestinely. Police operations target both traditional red-light districts and massage parlors, bars, and online platforms.

Fines for Theft and Property Offenses

Theft is severely punished in South Korea, with penalties varying depending on the nature and severity of the offense.

Examples of sanctions:

• Simple theft: Punishable by up to 6 years in prison and/or a fine. Penalties are increased in case of repeat offenses or aggravating circumstances (violence, breaking and entering, organized theft).

• Theft of industrial secrets: Since 2024, penalties have been significantly increased: up to 15 to 18 years in prison for disclosure or smuggling of strategic technologies, and fines up to 6.5 billion won (about $4.9 million USD).

• Minor thefts: Shoplifting or petty thefts are generally punished by fixed fines, but can lead to criminal prosecution in case of repeat offenses.

In 2023, more than 126,000 arrests for theft were recorded in the country, showing the authorities’ increased vigilance.

Traffic Offenses: Fines and Penalties in 2025

South Korea enforces a zero-tolerance policy on road safety, with a strict and regularly reinforced system of fines and penalties.

Examples of fines as of 2025:

• Ignoring traffic lights: 100,000 won fine (about $76 USD) and 15 penalty points on the license for failing to stop as required (e.g., turning right without stopping).

• Speeding: Up to 14,000 won (about $10 USD) for exceeding the limit by more than 35 km/h.

• Drunk driving: Suspension or cancellation of license, heavy fines, or even prison if an accident occurs. The blood alcohol limit is set at 0.3 g/l for license suspension and 0.8 g/l for cancellation.

• Using a phone while driving: 4,000 to 6,000 won fine (about $3 to $5 USD).

• Serious offenses (wrong way, dangerous door opening, reckless driving): Fines can reach 20 to 50 million won (about $15,200 to $38,000 USD) for the most serious cases, especially in case of an accident or repeat offense.

Checks are frequent, especially for alcohol and speed limits. Penalties can range from administrative fines to prison sentences if the offense caused injury or death.

Other Offenses and Sanctions

• Tax fraud: Up to three years in prison or a 200 million won fine (about $152,000 USD) for individuals, and up to 200 million won for companies. Serious cases can lead to life imprisonment.

• Counterfeiting, cybercrime, money laundering: Penalties range from 5 to 10 years in prison and/or fines of several tens of millions of won depending on severity and economic impact.

• Smuggling: Up to 7 years in prison or a 70 million won fine (about $53,000 USD) for illegal import/export of goods.

Death Penalty

South Korea: The death penalty is still on the books, but a de facto moratorium has been in place since 1997. No executions have taken place since then.

North Korea (for comparison): The death penalty is applied and can cover many offenses, with reports of public executions.

Whistleblower Policing in South Korea: An Institutionalized System

In South Korea, whistleblowing has become a widely encouraged public policy tool to strengthen the fight against everyday offenses and compensate for the lack of police personnel. This system relies on active citizen participation, inviting people to report illegal or non-compliant behavior.

A reward system for whistleblowers:
The government has established a wide range of offenses that citizens can report. For each report with evidence (photo, video, testimony), the whistleblower receives a portion of the fine imposed on the offender. This reward can be a significant source of income for some, who make it a regular activity.

Professionalization of whistleblowing:
Over time, private schools have emerged, especially in Seoul, to train citizens in surveillance, evidence gathering, and file preparation. These "bounty hunters" track offenses in public spaces: improper waste sorting, traffic violations, littering, illegal sales, etc.

Reporting procedure:
The process is simple: take a photo or video of the offense, send it to the police or the relevant administration via an app or official website, then wait for confirmation and your reward. This system has helped make the population more responsible and improved law compliance, while easing the burden on law enforcement.

Protection and limits for whistleblowers:
South Korea has also adopted laws to protect whistleblowers, especially in the public and private sectors. These laws aim to prevent retaliation against those who report corruption, fraud, or threats to public health. However, Korean community culture can hinder whistleblowing, as some fear social or professional consequences despite legal protections.

A social phenomenon:
Whistleblower policing has profoundly shaped South Korean society. It has exposed many scandals and strengthened the fight against petty crime, but it also sparks debates about privacy, trust between citizens, and social pressure. For some, whistleblowing is seen as a civic duty; for others, it fuels mistrust and widespread surveillance.

In summary, South Korea has institutionalized whistleblowing as a tool for public safety and civic responsibility, but also as a social phenomenon raising questions about the balance between social control and individual freedoms.

FAQ: Local Laws in South Korea

Are regions autonomous?
Yes, provinces and major cities have local autonomy, especially Jeju, which is a special autonomous province. However, justice, defense, and foreign affairs remain national.

How much are fines for littering cigarette butts?
From 100,000 to 200,000 won (about $76 to $152 USD) depending on the number of offenses.

Is prostitution legal?
No, it is forbidden. However, clandestine networks persist and fighting human trafficking is a national issue.

Can you smoke or vape on the street?
Yes, but smoking or vaping is prohibited in enclosed public places and on public transport. Watch out for non-smoking zones and fines for littering cigarette butts.

Does the death penalty exist?
Yes, in the law, but no executions have taken place since 1997 in South Korea. It remains in force in North Korea.

What are the main smoking bans in South Korea?
South Korea enforces a total smoking ban in most enclosed public places, including cafes, restaurants, schools, stations, airports, and government offices. Only certain specifically designated and ventilated smoking areas are allowed in spaces for collective use. Smoking areas are clearly marked, especially in large buildings and some outdoor public spaces like parks or platforms.

What happens if you’re caught smoking in a banned public place?
Any offender caught smoking in an unauthorized public place is subject to a fixed fine of 100,000 won (about $76 USD). This is enforced immediately and can be issued on the spot by public health agents or local police.

Are business owners responsible for enforcing anti-smoking laws?
Yes, owners or managers of establishments open to the public (cafes, restaurants, bars, etc.) are responsible for enforcing the smoking ban. If they fail, they face fines ranging from 1.7 million to 5 million won (about $1,300 to $3,800 USD).

Are there designated smoking areas?
Yes, some public places like airports, major stations, or urban parks have specifically equipped and ventilated smoking areas. In restaurants, only smoking rooms completely separate from service areas are allowed.

What are the penalties for minors possessing or using cigarettes?
The sale of tobacco products to minors is strictly prohibited. Minors caught smoking can be sanctioned and their parents notified. Vendors also risk heavy fines and license suspension.

What is a fixed fine for tobacco offenses?
A fixed fine is an immediate financial penalty for anyone caught smoking in a banned place. It aims to simplify anti-smoking enforcement and deter offenders.

Can you smoke in cafes or restaurants?
Since the extension of regulations, smoking is banned in all cafes and restaurants, regardless of size. Only hermetically sealed and ventilated smoking areas, separate from service areas, are allowed.

How are smoking bans signaled?
Signage is mandatory in all spaces for collective use. No-smoking signs are visible at entrances and in affected areas. Authorized smoking areas are also clearly marked.

What are the public health impacts of passive smoking?
Anti-smoking efforts aim to protect public health, especially from tobacco smoke and nicotine, which affect non-smokers. Passive smoking is recognized as a major risk factor for many diseases, justifying strict bans and fines.

Are there aids to help people quit smoking?
Yes, public health policy offers nicotine substitutes and support programs to help people quit smoking. These services are available at health centers and some pharmacies.

Are tobacco fines recorded in the traffic code for driving offenses?
Smoking while driving is not explicitly banned by the traffic code, unless it endangers safety (e.g., throwing a cigarette butt out the window). However, any tobacco-related offense in a vehicle used for public purposes (taxi, bus, etc.) is subject to fines.

What happens to confiscated cigarette packs during an offense?
Tobacco products seized during an offense can be confiscated and destroyed by authorities, according to current legislation.

Beyond its pop image, South Korea has a complex legal system combining local autonomy and centralized control. Laws on prostitution, tobacco, fines, and the death penalty reflect a society in transition, concerned with its image and public safety. Before traveling or moving, it’s best to know these rules to avoid unpleasant surprises.